There is a fundamental problem with the idea of “The Big
Bang” as it is generally thought of in regard to the creation of
the universe as we know it. The problem is that the Big Bang
has to abide by the very rules of the universe in which it
exists while violating those rules at the same time.
The basic concept of the Big Bang is that everything that
makes the universe what it is today exploded into the universe
from an infinitesimally small point of near infinite density.
In a sense this would be a description of the ultimate black
whole where all the mass of the universe is contained within a
singularity.
A problem with this concept is that for the singularity to
“explode” into a universe it has to defy the laws of that
universe which would not allow for anything to escape the
gravitational grasp of the singularity. So the concept requires
the explosion of something that can’t explode. In addition it
requires that an effect (the explosion) must take place without
any cause thereby violating the most basic law of cause and
effect (i.e., that any effect has a cause).
There is yet another problem with a Big Bang that happens
at one point in time. A singular explosive event of the type
postulated for the Big Bang would normally produce a hollow
shell of expanding energy. As this shell expands and cools,
matter will condense from the superheated plasma. This
expanding matter will also have the appearance of hollow shell
much like we see surrounding supernova in the universe today.
So a Big Bang universe should have some central hollow area from
which the universe originated. Yet the universe as we see it
doesn’t seem to have the expected appearance. Instead we have a
uniformly filled universe that doesn’t seem to have a notably
hollow center.
A universe developed through “Continuous Creation” might
explain the lack of a hollow center to the universe, but this
too has a problem. Continuous Creation would imply one or more
White Holes but we have yet to locate any of these. Yet the
whole idea of Black Holes that is so widely accepted virtually
mandates that there must be White Holes somewhere.
To understand this better we should consider the basic
characteristics and behavior of a Black Hole.
In the initial creation of a Black Hole a sufficiently
massive star runs out of the fuel necessary to cause internal
pressure to resist gravitational collapse. When this happens
the star shrinks, density increases, and ultimately the gravity
at some point creates a situation where the escape velocity from
the massive object becomes greater than or equal to the speed of
light. This creates what is known as the Schwarzschild radius
beyond which we cannot probe the inner workings of a Black Hole
(the radius at which even light cannot escape). More matter
continues to fall into the created Black Hole, increasing the
amount of swallowed mass, increasing the Schwarzschild radius,
and also increasing the appetite of the Black Hole for still
more matter. These days we generally accept that there are
Black Holes with the equivalent of millions of solar masses at
the heart of galaxies. In addition there are whole groups of
galaxies that are engaging in a “dance of death” that will
result in them swallowing one another with the inevitable merger
of their respective Black Holes.
If we were able to directly observe matter falling into a
Black Hole we would notice something that doesn’t seem logical.
As matter falls into a black hole it appears to never actually
reach the Schwarzschild radius but is frozen in orbit on the
near side of the radius. That is, the matter will appear to
never enter the Black Hole. An interesting side effect is that
Black Holes don’t “look” black.
To understand this we might do well to imagine water going
down the drain in a wash basin. The water swirls down the drain
going faster and faster as it nears the drain. However, if this
drain were a Black Hole the water would be accelerated up to
exactly the speed of light at the Schwarzschild radius which is
exactly the speed necessary to maintain orbit. So, from our
perspective, the matter would appear to never leave the
Schwarzschild orbit. However, as the matter accelerates to the
speed of light time stops for the matter reaching the
Schwarzschild radius. As a result, what for us seems like
eternity to cross the boundary seems like no time at all for
anything that crosses the boundary.
At the Schwarzschild radius, the rules that govern the
behavior of objects in our universe break down. However it is
just possible that immediately on the other side of the
Schwarzschild radius things begin to make sense once again.
This possibility is not all that unusual. Mathematically we
experience such situations all the time. A simple example of
this would be a graphical representation of the tangent of an
angle.
The tangent of an angle is defined as the sine of an angle
divided by the cosine of an angle (i.e., tan = sin /cos ).
At an angle just short of 90 degrees the tangent is an extremely
positive number. However at an angle just past 90 degrees the
tangent is an extremely negative number. Also, at exactly 90
degrees the tangent is simply undefined because the mathematics
used simply break down (division by zero is not allowed). This
is analogous to what happens at the Schwarzschild radius of a
Black Hole, and might even be more analogous than we might first
expect.
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If we look at tangent curves on both sides of 90 degrees
(/2 radians) we see what appear to be negative mirror images of
each other. So, what if the same thing happens at the
Schwarzschild radius of a black hole? What might this mean?
Unfortunately direct observation fails us. However, the
implication of the tangent analogy is that inside of a Black
Hole time, as observed by someone outside, would appear to be
moving backward. Also, the inside of a Black Hole is a mirror
image of whatever is external to the Black Hole. As a result
the external observer would see matter crossing the Schwarzchild
radius but not appearing just inside of that radius, but
appearing at the center of the Black Hole as it spews from a
central White Hole that expands toward the inner edge of the
Schwarzchild radius.
But what does this mean?
It may mean that every Black Hole contains a duplicate of
the universe external to the Black Hole but a universe that is
running in reverse. As an outer universe is collapsing an inner
universe is simultaneously expanding. These internal and
external universes exactly match at the Schwarzschild radius but
their time is running in opposite directions. Also, to anyone
within such a universe time would seem perfectly normal because
the observer would also be running in reverse time relative to
an outside observer. In fact, to the occupant of a Black Hole
universe, anyone outside of the Black Hole would appear to be
running in reverse.
So how does all this relate to the creation of the
universe?
What it implies is that our universe could have come into
being as a result of the creation of a Black Hole in a
predecessor universe. The end point of the predecessor Black
Hole became the starting point of what was essentially our White
Hole. Earlier points in time of the processor Black Hole
represent points at which it had not swallowed everything and
would correspond to points in time where our White Hole had not
finished spewing out everything. Our universe at the end of its
time will be approaching the inner shell of the Schwarzschild
radius of our predecessor Black Hole. But this leads to a
rather mind boggling situation.
If the universe as we know it happens to have enough mass
to cause its eventual gravitational collapse into a single final
ultimately massive Black Hole, then there are an infinite series
of these back holes in the past and in the future. This is
because all Black Hole/White Hole combinations have to
identically match at the ultimate interface point which means
that an infinite number of Black Hole/White Hole combinations
must exactly intersect at the end/beginning of time forever.
The result of all of this is that no Black Hole has to
violate the rules of the universe to give rise to the universe
because we never escaped the Black Hole. We live in it. While
our universe is running in reverse compared to the Black Hole
that created it, the appearance to us is of having escaped from
a relatively continuous White Hole that never exceeded the mass
density that would prevent spewing energy into this universe.
That White Hole originated with the gravitational collapse of a
Black Hole in a predecessor universe so that our universe does
have a cause rather than being cause-less. Also, the initiating
event doesn’t violate the laws of this universe by causing a
Black Hole in this universe to have to explode. It also is not
a one time event but one which continues over time thereby
preventing the universe from being a hollow shell.
Though this theory addresses a lot of questions, there are
some things that remain beyond our grasp. For example, the idea
of each universe eventually giving birth to its successor
doesn’t tell us how the original universe (universe-zero) might
have come into being. It also doesn’t give us any way of
telling how many generations from universe-zero we might have
come into being. It also tells us that all generations of the
universe exactly match in a negative time mirror image at the
Black Hole Schwarzschild boundary, but it doesn’t tell us how
much these universes might deviate from each other away from the
boundary. That is, are all universes exactly identical at all
points in time or just similar to a greater or lesser extent
while only being identical at the boundary? This theory also
suggests that there are an infinite number of universes
simultaneously co-existing but it doesn’t tell us what might
allow us to slip from one universe to another (i.e. travel
dimensionally between universes). It also doesn’t tell us
whether or not we might already inadvertently travel between
universes and if this might explain lost time, alien abduction,
and various situations that appear to be akin to time travel.
For every possible answer there also seems to be more than
one new question remaining to be answered.
